INTRODUCTION 

The variety of life on Earth is staggering, and humans are apart f it, so butterflies, trees, birds, mushrooms, and giraffes. The variety of living things ranges in size from bacteria, much too small to be seen by the naked eye, all the way up to giant sequoia trees that can reach heights of 100 meters (m) or more.

The diversity of life seems overwhelming, and yet all living things have certain characteristics in common. Taken together, these characteristics give us insight into the nature of life and help us distinguish living things from non-living things. 

Eutrophication

A major problem with the use of fertilisers occurs when they're washed off the land by rainwater into rivers and lakes. The resulting increase of nitrate or phosphate in the water encourages algae growth, which forms a bloom over the water surface. This prevents sunlight reaching other water plants, which then die. Bacteria break down the dead plants and use up the oxygen in the water so the lake may be left completely lifeless.

The main effects caused by eutrophication can be summarized as follows:

1. Species diversity decreases and the dominant biota changes

2. Plant and animal biomass increase

3. Turbidity increases

4. Rate of sedimentation increases, shortening the lifespan of the lake

5. Anoxic conditions may develop

INTRODUCTION TO PLANT CELLS AND TISSUE

The plant body is composed of individual cells that are organized into aggregates of cell called tissues. Simple tissues are made up of a single type, whereas complex tissues contains a variety of cell types. Tissues may function as structural supports, protective coverings, or transporters of water and nutrients. 

The main tissues of plants may be grouped into three systems which are ground tissue system, vascular tissue system and dermal tissue system. 

LETS FOCUS ON GROUND TISSUE!!

The ground tissue system is the most extensive, at least in leaves and young green stems that consist of a parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

Parenchyma is spherical and elongated, it has thin and flexible cell wall the most abundant cell. Parenchyma is the most abundant cell and it can form organ like leaves, root and stem. It contain starch grain, food reserve and a large vacuole. 

notes: in celery and tomato cell there are example of parenchyma cell

Collenchyma is elongated cell with irregularly thick cell wall, the cell wall contain cellulose and pectin .Collenchyma usually found under epidermis. Collenchyma is one of the important cell in plant because it provide support for growing and mature organ such as leaves and floral part.

Sclerenchyma consist of cell that have thick and tough secondary cell wall impregnated with lignin.

The observed pear under the microscope we able to identify types of sclereids which is brachysclereids or the stone cells. 

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